Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Public domain reproduction of illuminated manuscript page, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Soldiers from the Presidio patrol this area, looking north from the ju...
The original finding aid described this photograph as: Base: San Francisco State: California (CA) Country: United States Of America (USA) Scene Camera Operator: Unknown Release Status: Released to Public C... More
Death Valley Lower Grapevine Ranch, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County...
Significance: The site, the Ranch House and the outbuildings all serve to illustrate the life of Death Valley Scotty, a romantic figure of the Wild West. Although publicly a man of great wealth and publicity, ... More
Death Valley Lower Grapevine Ranch, Blacksmith's Forge, Death Valley J...
Survey number: HABS CA-2286-C Public domain photograph - 1930s California, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Death Valley Lower Grapevine Ranch, Corral, Death Valley Junction, Iny...
Survey number: HABS CA-2286-D Public domain photograph - 1930s California, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Death Valley Ranch, Service Station-Gas Tank House, Death Valley Junct...
Significance: A large part of Albert Johnson's program for Death Valley Ranch centered around his desire for complete comfort and self sufficiency in an otherwise harsh and normally depriving environment. John... More
Santa Fe R.R. line leaving Cadiz, Calif. This town is a junction point...
Picryl description: Public domain image of railroad tracks, railway, train car, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Making wiring assemblies at a junction box on the fire wall for the ri...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a bomber aircraft, military aviation, air forces, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Production. B-25 "Billy Mitchell" bombers. Assembling a junction box f...
Public domain photograph of factory building, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Junction of South and Middle Forks of the Kings River.
SEKI Historic Image Picryl description: Public domain photograph of National Park, nature, free to use, no copyright restrictions image.
A plumber applies sealant to a pipe junction while installing a water ...
The original finding aid described this photograph as: Base: Camp Pendleton State: California (CA) Country: United States Of America (USA) Scene Camera Operator: Unknown Release Status: Released to Public ... More
Death Valley Scenic Byway - Teakettle Junction in Death Valley
The original finding aid described this photograph as: Original Caption: This junction sign was started by one visitor who hung a teakettle and a note to other travelers. Location: California (36.604° N 117.1... More
Mural "Waterman Junction Becomes Barstow, 1886" in Barstow, California
Master artist: Kathy Fierro. Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. Credit line: The Jon B. Lovelace Collection of California Photographs in Carol M. Highsmith's America Project, Library of Con... More
Mural at Amargos Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely ...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargos Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely ...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
The entrance to the "Amargosa Opera House," adjacent to the Amagosa Ho...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
The creator of this image, photographer Carol M. Highsmith, enjoys a m...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
The entrance to the "Amargosa Opera House," adjacent to the Amagosa Ho...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. A recreation hall at the no... More
The Amagosa Hotel in Death Valley Junction, just outside Death Valley ...
Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. The community, once a dusty mining, railroad, and mill town, was known as Amargosa, after the desert valley that surrounds it. Credit line: The Jon B. Lov... More
Mural at Amargosa Opera House, a remarkable image from what is largely...
Public domain photograph - historical image of California, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A winding road with a mountain in the background. Forking road split r...
Stock photo: The road to the top of the mountain / A winding road with a mountain in the background.
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Chimes Tower, Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, ...
Significance: The Chimes Tower is the most prominent structure within the Death Valley Ranch complex for a variety of reasons. Its height and hilltop location, large clock, lavish use of brightly colored tile ... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More
Death Valley Ranch, Garage-Long Shed-Bunkhouse, Death Valley Junction,...
Significance: The Garage was the first building designed and constructed at Death Valley Ranch and one of the first few that were designed by Johnson himself. It housed a wide variety of vital functions that r... More