Hand-book of physiology (1892) (14578618499)

Identifier: handbookofphysio00bake (find matches)

Title: Hand-book of physiology

Year: 1892 (1890s)

Authors: Baker, W. Morrant, (William Morrant), 1839-1896 Harris, Vincent Dormer Kirkes, William Senhouse, 1823-1864. Hand-book of physiology. 13th ed

Subjects: Physiology Human physiology

Publisher: London : John Murray

Contributing Library: Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine

Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons and Harvard Medical School

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nostrils—through either of them separately, or through both at the sametime, according to the position of the soft palate. The stomachcommunicates with the exterior of the body through the oesopha-gus, pharynx, and mouth ; while below the rectum opens at theanus, and the bladder through the urethra. All these openings,through which the hollow viscera communicate with the exteriorof the body, are guarded by muscles, called sphincters, which canact independently of each other. Sighing.—In sighing there is a somewhat prolonged inspiration ;the air almost noiselessly passing in through the glottis, and by 288 RESPIRATION. (CH. VII. the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest-walls, and probably alsoof the abdominal walls, being suddenly expelled. In the first, or inspiratory part of this act, the descent of thediaphragm presses the abdominal viscera downwards, and ofcourse this pressure tends to evacuate the contents of such ofthem as communicate with the exterior of the body. Inasmuch,

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Kg. 217. however, as their various openings are guarded by sphincters, ina state of constant tonic contraction, there is no escape of theircontents, and the air simply enters the lungs. In the second, orexpiratory part of the act, pressure is also made on the abdominalviscera in the opposite direction, by the recoil of the abdominalwalls ; but the pressure is relieved by the escape of air throughthe open glottis, and the relaxed diaphragm is pushed up again ch. vii.) SPECIAL BESPIRATORY ACTS. 289 into its original position. The sphincters of the stomach, rectum,and bladder, act in the same manner as before. Hiccough resembles sighing in that it is an inspiratory act;but the inspiration is sudden instead of gradual, the diaphragmacting suddenly and spasmodically ; and the air, suddenly rushingthrough the unprepared rima glottidis, causes vibration of thevocal cords, and the peculiar sound. Coughing.—In the act of coughing there is most often first ofall a deep inspiration, followed b

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1892

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