Cornelis Cort - Mary Magdalen Repentant in the Wilderness

The Dutch Golden Age was a period from 1581 to 1672, when the Netherlands experienced the "Dutch Miracle", transcended to the foremost maritime and economic power. In 1568, the Seven Provinces started a rebellion against Philip II of Spain, leading to the Eighty Years' War with Spain and the Thirty Years' War between other European superpowers. Protestants moved from the southern to the northern Netherlands, many settled in Amsterdam, transforming a port town into one of the most important commercial centers in the world by 1630. In addition to the migration of Protestants, there were also influxes of refugees who had previously fled from religious persecution, particularly Sephardi Jews from Portugal and Spain, and Protestants from France. Catholics moved in the other direction - to the southern provinces, modern Belgium. North quickly gained the highest literacy rates in Europe, an abundance of capital, the largest merchant fleet in Europe. The Dutch dominated trade in the Baltic Sea, between China and Japan, and with the English colonies in North America. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was the first multinational corporation, financed by shares that established the first modern stock exchange. The Bank of Amsterdam, the first central bank, was established in 1609. The Dutch Golden Age is the art period dominanted by Rembrandt, Vermeer, Jacob van Ruisdael, and Frans Hals. Some notable artistic styles and trends include Haarlem Mannerism, Utrecht Caravaggism, the School of Delft, the Leiden fijnschilders, and Dutch classicism. 1672 is called a disaster year" when the Dutch Republic was attacked by England, France, Münster, and Bavaria. The invading armies quickly defeated most of the Dutch States Army and conquered part of the Republic.

Girolamo Muziano was an Italian painter and architect, born in 1532 in Acquafredda, near Brescia, Italy. He is known for his religious paintings and frescoes, as well as his architectural designs. Muziano began his career as a painter in Rome, where he studied under the famous artist Daniele da Volterra. He quickly gained recognition for his talent and was commissioned to paint several important works for the Vatican, including frescoes in the Sala Regia and the Sala dei Capitani. As well as painting, Muziano was also an accomplished architect. He designed several buildings in Rome, including the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitoline Hill. Muziano's style is characterised by realism and attention to detail. His paintings often feature dramatic lighting and vibrant colours, and he was renowned for his ability to capture the emotions of his subjects. Muziano died in Rome in 1592, leaving behind a legacy as one of the most talented painters and architects of the Renaissance.

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