C952 map of ash-Sham by Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Istakhri (rotated 180°)

Map of ash-Sham (Syria), by Istakhri. The 10th and 11th centuries were the era of the 'Atlas of Islam' - collections of maps which usually included representations of 17 Islamic countries. The sea to the left is Bahr al-Rum (Sea of the Greeks/Romans, which is the Mediterranean Sea)