Class-book of physiology - for the use of schools and families - comprising the structure and functions of the organs of man, illustrated by comparative reference to those of inferior animals (1860) (14780356235)

Identifier: 61250860R.nlm.nih.gov
Title: Class-book of physiology : for the use of schools and families : comprising the structure and functions of the organs of man, illustrated by comparative reference to those of inferior animals
Year: 1860 (1860s)
Authors: Comings, B. N. (Benjamin N.)
Subjects: Physiological Processes Physiology, Comparative
Publisher: Memphis, Tenn. : Cleaves & Vaden
Contributing Library: U.S. National Library of Medicine
Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons, U.S. National Library of Medicine



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re of the lower partof the femur, b, The tendon of the extensor muscle of the leg. r, The patella, d, Theligaments which attach the patella to the head of the tibia, c, The cancellous structureof the head of the tibia. /, The anterior ligament, g, The posterior ligament. The synovialmembrane may be traced along the under surface of the patella and its ligaments, andthen over the head of the tibia, over the posterior ligaments, and then over the lower partof the femur. Figure 3. A Section of the Hip-joint.—a, The head of the femur, b, b, The capsular ligament, embracing the cavity of the hip-bone and the head of the femur, and keepingboth bones firmly together, c, A round ligament attached to the inside of the cavity andto the head of the femur. Figure 4. The Bones of the foot, seen vpon the upper surface.—a, The os calcis, or heel-bone, b, The astragalus, which articulates with the lower end of the tibia, c, Thscuboid-bone. <?, The scaphoid-bone, e, e, e, Cuneiform bones. Fia I
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ANIMAL MOTION. 203 sutures (scams), which arc formed by the interlocking ofthe ragged edges of one bone into corresponding notchesin the adjoining one. These bones are thus so firmlyunited together in man at adult age, that it is difficult toseparate them, except by breaking away some of the pro-jecting parts. 416. The bones forming joints are firmly bound togetherby muscles and ligaments, and the end of each bone cov-ered over by a thin layer of cartilage, which has a smoothglassy surface. Each joint is inclosed by a sac.or capsuleof serous membrane, which secretes a peculiar fluid, calledsynovial fluid. The office of the synovial fluid is to keepthe joints constantly moist and supple. 417. After a severe injury to the joint, the synovialfluid is sometimes secreted in excess, causing dropsy ofthe joint. 418. The beautiful smoothness of the surfaces of thecartilages, and the manner in which the bones are boundtogether by ligaments and muscles, may be seen by ex-amining the knee-joint