Demonstration of the War Invalids, Petrograd [April 1917]

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Demonstration of the War Invalids, Petrograd [April 1917]

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Boris Souvarine Papers - Soviet Russia Photos.graduateinstitute.ch/home/research/library/archives/boris... ( http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/research/library/archives/boris-souvarine.html ) ..Notes: The back of the document holds the mention (in Russian and French): "Demonstration of the war invalids". The photo may represent a demonstration which took place in April 1917, under the Provisional Government, in a tense political climate marked by anti-war demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow. ..A witness of the demonstration, Trotski described it in these words: "On April 1917 there took place in Petrograd the patriotic nightmare of the war invalids. An enormous number of wounded from the hospitals of the capital, legless, armless, bandaged, advanced upon the Tauride Palace. Those who could not walk were carried in automobile trucks. The banners read: "War to the end". That was a demonstration of despair from the human stumps of the imperialist war (...)". ..Unknown photographer...Description: 1 photograph. Black and white ; 17 x 23 cm...Sources and further reading: .Figes, Orlando. 2014. Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991 : a History. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Company..Figes, Orlando. Kolonitskii, B. I. 1999. Interpreting the Russian Revolution: the Language and Symbols of 1917. New Haven: Yale University Press...Galili y Garcia, Ziva. 1989. The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution: Social Realities and Political Strategies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press...Rabinowitch, Alexander. 2007. The Bolsheviks in Power: the First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press...Rabinowitch, Alexander. 1976. The Bolsheviks Come to Power: the Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. New York: W.W. Norton...Soukhanov, Nicolai. 1955. The Russian Revolution, 1917: a Personal Record. London: Oxford University Press...Trotsky, Leon. 1932. The History of the Russian Revolution. vol. 1, London: Gollancz. (Chapter "The "April Days". Quotation p. 349).

The automobile was first invented and perfected in Germany and France in the late 1890s. Americans quickly came to dominate the automotive industry after WWI. Throughout this initial era, the development of automotive technology was rapid. Hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included the electric ignition system, independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted and safety glass also made its debut. Henry Ford perfected mass-production techniques, and Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler emerged as the “Big Three” auto companies by the 1920s. Car manufacturers received enormous orders from the military during World War II, and afterward automobile production in the United States, Europe, and Japan soared.

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1917
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Graduate Institute Geneva
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