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Hydrographic reconnaissance of James River, Virginia, from entrance to City Point /
Summary
General nautical chart.
Depths shown by soundings and contours.
At head of title: A.D. Bache Supt.
Copy 1 is hand col. in blue watercolor to show shallow waters, in red and black inks to show buoys, in pink ink to show "Stn." area outlines, and in black-ink handwriting (printing) to show "Stn." area names. Copy 2 in not col. or annotated.
In upper margin: Autographic transfer, July 1862.
Imperfect: Copy 1 halved, mounted on cloth backing; copy 2 torn.
LC Civil War maps (2nd ed.), 559.4
Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image.
Includes text of "Sailing directions", note, tide table, and magnetic variation table.
The word portolan comes from the Italian adjective portolano, meaning "related to ports or harbors", or "a collection of sailing directions". Portolan charts are maps based on compass directions and estimated distances observed by the pilots at sea. They were first made in the 13th century in Italy, and later in Spain and Portugal where they considered to be state secrets. The English and Dutch found the description of Atlantic and Indian coastlines extremely valuable for their raiding, and later trading, ships. The oldest survived portolan is the Carta Pisana, dating from approximately 1296 and the oldest preserved Majorcan Portolan chart is the one made by Angelino Dulcert who produced a portolan in 1339.
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