Monument voor Gaius Marius op de Capitool-heuvel te Rome

Printmaking in woodcut and engraving came to Northern Italy within a few decades of their invention north of the Alps. Engraving probably came first to Florence in the 1440s, the goldsmith Maso Finiguerra (1426–64) used the technique. Italian engraving caught the very early Renaissance, 1460–1490. Print copying was a widely accepted practice, as well as copying of paintings viewed as images in their own right.

Gaius Marius was a Roman general and statesman who lived from 157 BC to 86 BC. He is best known for his military reforms and his role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Born into a plebeian family in Arpinum, Italy, Marius began his military career as a junior officer. He rose through the ranks, gaining recognition for his bravery and leadership. In 107 BC, he was elected consul, the highest office in the Roman Republic. One of Marius' most important contributions was his military reforms. He reorganised the Roman army by introducing a professional standing army of volunteer soldiers rather than relying on conscription. He also made changes to the recruitment process, allowing men from lower social classes to join the army. This helped to increase the size and effectiveness of the Roman military. Marius is also known for his involvement in the conflicts of his time, particularly the Jugurthine War in Numidia and the Germanic invasions. He successfully defeated the Numidian king Jugurtha and played a crucial role in stopping Germanic tribes from invading Roman territory. Despite his military successes, Marius faced political challenges and rivalries throughout his career. He clashed with his political opponent Lucius Cornelius Sulla, leading to a series of civil wars known as the Sullan Wars. These conflicts eventually led to Marius' exile and Sulla's rise to power. Gaius Marius died in 86 BC, shortly after returning from exile. His military reforms had a lasting impact on the Roman Empire and his career marked a turning point in Roman history, paving the way for the eventual transition from Republic to Empire.