Jim Norris, homesteader, Pie Town, New Mexico
Picryl description: Public domain image of a farm, farmer, agriculture, early 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
D. Dunn just landed on his claim in Custer County.
summary: Photographer's note: "Moving on their claim and getting ready to build a sod house, having bought a relinquishment of an early settler." original size: 6x8
First homestead - Public domain dedication image
Photograph shows people standing in front of log cabin at the Daniel Freeman homestead near Beatrice, Nebraska; man on left holds reins of horse. Copyright 1887 by A. R. Campbell, Beatrice, Nebraska.
James Thomas Final Proof 003 - Public Domain image, National Parks Gal...
QUESTION 12. Have you sold, conveyed, or agreed to sell or convey any portion of the land; if so, to whom and for what purpose? ANSWER. No QUESTION 13. Have you optioned, mortgaged, or agreed to option or mort... More
Cedar Bar in 1918 - built by Glee 1907, Upper Skagit Valley
"Cedar Bar in 1918 - built by Glee 1907". Title taken by writing on photograph. The photograph shows the house at the Cedar Bar homestead built by Glee Davis using local materials from the North Cascades temp... More
Holzwarth Trout Lodge, Joe Fleshut's Cabin, Trail Ridge Road, Grand La...
Significance: This structure contributes to the historical theme of Pioneer Settlement and the Resort Industry. It was a typical western homestead cabin of the time and important for demonstrating the growth of... More
Interior view of homestead dwelling, Jan. 23, 1904
Photograph shows interior of one bed, stove, and table. Photo by General Land Office, U.S. Dept. of the Interior.
The first homestead in the United States, U.S.A.
Photograph shows man standing on ramp in front of Daniel Freeman homestead in Gage County, Nebraska, the first homestead claim under the 1862 Homestead Act; large piles of wood in yard.
Homesteaders seated outside in garden surrounding house, probably Wash...
Homesteaders seated outside in garden surrounding house, probably Washington State, ca. 1905..Photographer: .Barnes, Albert Henry..Subjects (LCTGM):.Homesteading--Washington (State).Dwellings--Washington (State... More
![[Settler's homestead, New Zealand]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTkvMDkvMjgvc2V0dGxlcnMtaG9tZXN0ZWFkLW5ldy16ZWFsYW5kLWNhMzYwZC0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/31/webp "[Settler's homestead, New Zealand]")
[Settler's homestead, New Zealand]
No. Jm 998. George Grantham Bain Collection.
Glee cutting lumber 1906, Upper Skagit Valley
"Glee cutting lumber" 1906. Title taken from writing on photograph and a date on the reverse side. The photograph shows Glee Davis and possibly a waterwheel used to power a simple lumber mill. Davis Family C... More
G.D. cutting lumber for new house 1906, Upper Skagit Valley
"G.D. cutting lumber for new house", 1906. Title taken from writing on photograph and date written on reverse side. The photograph shows Glee Davis amid a pile of lumber. Davis Family Collection, Series II: ... More
![The massacre of the trees / CH [monogram].](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTkvMDkvMDkvdGhlLW1hc3NhY3JlLW9mLXRoZS10cmVlcy1jaC1tb25vZ3JhbS1lMTRiNjYtMTAyNC5qcGc%3D/40/26/webp "The massacre of the trees / CH [monogram].")
The massacre of the trees / CH [monogram].
Illustration shows a man labeled "Land Grafter" chopping down a tree in a forest where other trees have been cut down; scattered on the ground are doll-like figures labeled "Dummy Homesteader". Illus. in: Puck... More
The dummy homesteader; or, the winning of the West / K.
Illustration shows a tall male figure labeled "U.S. Public Land Grant" that is like a Trojan horse from which corrupt figures labeled "Land Grafter, Timber Grafter, Mineral Grafter, Corrupt Official, [and] Powe... More
Crouse Homestead, 9720 Walker Road, Belgrade, Gallatin County, MT
2014 Charles E. Peterson Prize Significance: The Crouse Homestead is significant not only for its connection to a pioneering family of Montana's agricultural industry, but also as an example of a transitional p... More
James Thomas Witness Testimony Jackson 001
4-369 a. Form approved by the Secretary of the Interior November 23, 1908 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. HOMESTEAD ENTERY U.S. LAND OFFICE Denver, Colo., No. 013968 Reciept No. __ FINAL PROOF TESTIMONY OF WITNESS... More
James Thomas Witness Testimony Jones 001
4-369 a. Form approved by the Secretary of the Interior November 23, 1908 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. HOMESTEAD ENTERY U.S. LAND OFFICE Denver, Colo., No. 013968 Reciept No. __ FINAL PROOF TESTIMONY OF WITNESS... More
James Thomas Witness Testimony Jones 002
QUESTION 5. Describe the land embraced in above entry by legal subdivisions, showing fully the character of same, and kind and amount of timber, if any. ANSWER [4 columns with headings] Subdivision, Acres Cult... More
James Thomas Witness Testimony Jackson 002
QUESTION 5. Describe the land embraced in above entry by legal subdivisions, showing fully the character of same, and kind and amount of timber, if any. ANSWER [4 columns with headings] Subdivision, Acres Cult... More
James Thomas Witness Testimony Jackson 003
QUESTION 10. (a) Have you personal knowledge, from your own observation, that claimant and his family (if any) actually resided upon and cultivated this land each year in accordance with your above testimony? ... More
James Thomas Witness Testimony Jones 003
QUESTION 10. (a) Have you personal knowledge, from your own observation, that claimant and his family (if any) actually resided upon and cultivated this land each year in accordance with your above testimony? ... More
Homesteader's house, Alaska - Frank G. Carpenter collection
Title transcribed from caption accompanying item. Forms part of: Frank and Frances Carpenter collection (Library of Congress). Gift; Mrs. W. Chapin Huntington; 1951.
James Thomas Final Affidavit - Homestead National Monument of America
FINAL AFFIDAVIT REQUIRED OF HOMESTEAD CLAIMANTS. I, James M. Thomas, having made a Homestead Entry of the NW ¼ , Section 32, Township 4N, Range 61 W, 6th P Meridian, subject to entry at Denver, under section N... More
James Thomas Final Proof 002 - Public Domain image, National Parks Gal...
QUESTION 6. Describe the land embraced in above entry by legal subdivisions, showing fully the character of same, and kind and amount of timber, if any. ANSWER. [4 columns with headings] Subdivision, Acres cul... More
Holzwarth Trout Lodge, Tent House, Trail Ridge Road, Grand Lake, Grand...
Significance: The tent house was built around 1919 and contributes to the historical and architectural character within the Pioneer Settlement and the Resort Industry themes. It is significant in that its low b... More
Gooch Homestead, 10401 Gooch Hill Road, Gallatin Gateway, Gallatin Cou...
2013 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Third Place Significance: The Gooch homestead was founded in 1889. Edward Gooch was a prominent settler of the area. The ridge upon which his homestead resides carries his name t... More
Gabriel Homestead, Granary, River Road, Four Corners, Gallatin County,...
2015 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Second Place Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: N2123 Survey number: HABS MT-174-C Building/structure dates: 1958 Subsequent Work Building/structure da... More
Palmer-Epard Cabin, Beatrice, Gage County, NE
Significance: The Palmer-Epard Cabin, built in 1867, was moved to Homestead National Monument from a neighboring township in 1950. The construction and furnishings show the pattern of life followed by homestea... More
Asa T. Haines Homestead, Outhouse, Approximately 115 feet northeast of...
Survey number: HABS CO-92-E Public domain photograph - historical image of Colorado, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Gabriel Homestead, River Road, Four Corners, Gallatin County, MT
2015 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Second Place Significance: Damon Gabriel's homestead is a clear and well-defined example of a successful homestead established in the late 1800s. He was prepared to work hard in ... More
Land Office, Florence, Pinal County, AZ
Survey number: HABS AZ-27 Public domain photograph - historical image of Arizona, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Gabriel Homestead, Root Cellar, River Road, Four Corners, Gallatin Cou...
2015 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Second Place Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: N2124 Survey number: HABS MT-174-D
Moses B. Stevens Homestead, Outbuilding, Approximately 110 feet southe...
Survey number: HABS CO-94-D Public domain photograph - historical image of Colorado, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Mary Doyle Homestead, Outhouse, 140 feet southwest of original residen...
Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: N394 Survey number: HABS CO-95-F
Bos Farm, 4605 Cameron Bridge Road West, Manhattan, Gallatin County, M...
2017 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Second Place Significance: The Bos Farm exhibits characteristics of several phases of the vernacular building form of early homesteads in the Gallatin Valley. This area, close to... More
Eugene Rourke Ranch, Adobe Dog House, 5 feet north of residence, Model...
Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: N390 Survey number: HABS CO-91-F
Patterson Homestead, 5100 South Nineteenth Avenue, Bozeman, Gallatin C...
2012 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Honorable Mention Significance: This homestead was patented by James L. Patterson on September 29, 1893 as the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman were in s the early stages of urbanizat... More
Patterson Homestead, Blacksmith Shop, 5100 South Nineteenth Avenue, Bo...
2012 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Honorable Mention Significance: This log structure served as the original homestead dwelling for Patterson upon settlement. The hand hewn logs originally rested directly on the g... More
Pinon Canyon, Purgatoire River Area, Model, Las Animas County, CO
Significance: The 7 historic homestead located within the Pinon Canyon area physically represent one of Colorado's last agricultural frontiers. Determined settlers built these homesteads following long-establis... More
A man kneeling down in a field of corn. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Sec...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Dugout house of Faro Caudill, homesteader with Mt. Allegro in the back...
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A man standing next to a wooden structure. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm ...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
![Mrs. [Jim] Norris with homegrown cabbage, one of the many vegetables which the homesteaders grow in abundance, Pie Town, New Mexico](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MzkvMDEvMDEvbXJzLWppbS1ub3JyaXMtd2l0aC1ob21lZ3Jvd24tY2FiYmFnZS1vbmUtb2YtdGhlLW1hbnktdmVnZXRhYmxlcy13aGljaC10aGUtMTAyNC5qcGc%3D/40/28/webp "Mrs. [Jim] Norris with homegrown cabbage, one of the many vegetables which the homesteaders grow in abundance, Pie Town, New Mexico")
Mrs. [Jim] Norris with homegrown cabbage, one of the many vegetables w...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a farm, farmer, agriculture, early 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Church at Pie Town, New Mexico. This building was a cooperative commun...
Public domain photograph of church building, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A man is plowing a corn field with two horses. Pie Town, New Mexico. F...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A man riding a horse drawn carriage down a dirt road. Pie Town, New Me...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Homesteader feeding his daughter at the Pie Town, New Mexico Fair free...
Public domain photograph - United States during 1930s Great Depression, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Jack Whinery, homesteader, and his family, Pie Town, New Mexico
Photograph shows Jack Whinery (1907-1994) with his wife Edith and their five children, Wanda, Edith, Velva, Jack and Lawrence in his father's lap. (Source: Flickr Commons project, 2015)
A man and a little girl eating cake. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Securi...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Harvesting new corn from the field of Jim Norris, Pie Town, New Mexico
Picryl description: Public domain image of a farm, farmer, agriculture, early 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A man is plowing a corn field with two horses. Pie Town, New Mexico. F...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Jack Whinery and his family, homesteaders, Pie Town, New Mexico
Picryl description: Public domain image of children, kids, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Jack Whinery, homesteader, with his wife and the youngest of his five ...
Picryl description: Public domain image of child labor, exploitation, children workers, economic conditions, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A couple of men standing next to each other. Pie Town, New Mexico. Far...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Bill Stagg, homesteader, with pinto beans, Pie Town, New Mexico
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A man standing next to a horse in front of a barn. Pie Town, New Mexic...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A group of people standing in front of a building. Pie Town, New Mexic...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Homesteader feeding his daughter at the Pie Town, New Mexico Fair free...
Public domain photograph - United States during 1930s Great Depression, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Pinto beans, main crop at Pie Town, New Mexico
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Jack Whinery, homesteader, repairing fence which he built with slabs, ...
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A man and a woman standing next to each other. Pie Town, New Mexico. F...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Mr. Leatherman, homesteader, tying up cauliflower, Pie Town, New Mexic...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a farm, farmer, agriculture, early 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A group of people standing in front of a building. Pie Town, New Mexic...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
The school at Pie Town, New Mexico is held in the Farm Bureau building...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a school, preschool, children, education, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A man kneeling in a field with a pile of grass. Pie Town, New Mexico. ...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Mrs. Norris with homegrown cabbage, one of the many vegetables which t...
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A small log house with a wooden fence. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Secu...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Jim Norris and wife, homesteaders, Pie Town, New Mexico
Picryl description: Public domain image of a farmer worker, 20th-century dust bowl, great depression era, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Bill Stagg turning up his beans, Pie Town, New Mexico. He will next pi...
Picryl description: Public domain photograph of farming, farmer, agriculture, 20th-century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Homesteader and his children eating barbeque at the Pie Town, New Mexi...
Picryl description: Public domain image of child labor, exploitation, children workers, economic conditions, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A group of children sitting on the ground eating food. Pie Town, New M...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Faro and Doris Caudill, homesteaders, Pie Town, New Mexico
Picryl description: Public domain image of a farm, farmer, agriculture, early 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A man is feeding a little girl a piece of cake. Pie Town, New Mexico. ...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A man wearing a hat in a corn field. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Securi...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Jack Whinery and Jim Norris, homesteaders, looking at roots of stalk o...
Picryl description: Public domain photograph of farming, farmer, agriculture, 20th-century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Bill Stagg turning up pinto beans, Pie Town, New Mexico
Picryl description: Public domain image of a farm, farmer, agriculture, early 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A man standing in front of a log cabin. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Sec...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Gathering corn in the field, Pie Town, New Mexico
Picryl description: Public domain photograph of farming, farmer, agriculture, 20th-century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A family posing for a picture in a room. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Se...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Field of beans and farmstead of Bill Stagg, homesteader, Pie Town, New...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a rural landscape, farmhouse, pasture, farm field, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
A man holding a rifle in his hand. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Security...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Harvesting new corn from the field of Jim Norris, Pie Town, New Mexico
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Mr. Leatherman, homesteader, coming out of his dugout home, Pie Town, ...
Public domain photograph of Mexico, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A man wearing a cowboy hat and jacket. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Secu...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A man standing in a field of broccoli. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Secu...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A man kneeling down in a field of cabbage. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm ...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A man kneeling down in a field with a hat on. Pie Town, New Mexico. Fa...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A man is working on a wooden fence. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm Securit...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A man kneeling down with a knife in his hand. Pie Town, New Mexico. Fa...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A view of a field with a house in the distance. Pie Town, New Mexico. ...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Faro Caudill drawing water from his well, Pie Town, New Mexico
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Les Thomas, homesteader, Pie Town, New Mexico
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Mr. Leatherman, homesteader, shooting hawks which have been carrying a...
Picryl description: Public domain image related to Wild West, western, cowboys, no copyright restrictions image.
A group of people standing in front of a building. Pie Town, New Mexic...
11671-2. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Addi... More
Bill Stagg, homesteader, in front of his barn, Pie Town, New Mexico
Public domain photograph of a barn, farm, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Home of Jim Norris, homesteader, Pie Town, New Mexico
Public domain photograph - New Mexico, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Group of homesteaders in front of the bean house which was used for ex...
Public domain photograph of Mexico, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
A man kneeling down in a field of plants. Pie Town, New Mexico. Farm S...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
A couple of horses that are standing in the dirt. Pie Town, New Mexico...
11671-24. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac Title from FSA or OWI agency caption. Add... More
Son of Jim Norris, homesteader, tying corn into bundles, Pie Town, New...
Picryl description: Public domain image of working farmers, agriculture, farm, 20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.